Акушерські та перинатальні аспекти багатоплідної вагітності
Основний зміст сторінки статті
Анотація
У статті представлені епідеміологічні дані, сучасна термінологія, особливості перебігу гестації, а також акушерські та перинатальні наслідки розродження жінок з багатоплідною вагітністю. Актуальність вивчення даної проблеми зумовлена тим фактом, що перебіг багатоплідної вагітності майже в усіх пацієнток супроводжується різноманітними ускладненнями, а їхнє прогнозування та профілактика мають першочергове значення. Незважаючи на увагу, яку приділяють багатоплідній вагітності, частота ускладнень при цьому залишається високою. Їхнє лікування має здійснюватися у закладах ІІІ рівня перинатальної допомоги.
Акцентовано увагу на особливостях розродження вагітних відповідно до порядку надання медичної допомоги жінкам з багатопліддям. Важливим є питання визначення термінів і тактики розродження при багатоплідній вагітності. Вибір способу розродження залежить від акушерського анамнезу, терміну вагітності, положення плодів та передлежання, передбачуваної маси та розмірів плодів, хоріальності, стану плодів та матері, також має значення наявність/відсутність показань до кесарева розтину.
Оптимальним терміном розродження неускладненої двійні є 37 тиж вагітності (монохоріальна діамніотична двійня — 36–37 тиж, дихоріальна — 37–38 тиж), оскільки у цьому терміні вагітності ризики антенатальної загибелі плодів та ранньої неонатальної смерті є мінімальними. Розродження жінок з монохоріальною моноамніотичною двійнею проводяться у термін повних 32 тиж вагітності шляхом кесарева розтину. Серед інших показань до кесарева розтину є трійня та більша кількість плодів, а також зрощені близнюки, поперечне або тазове передлежання першого плода, двійня у поєднанні з рубцем на матці, невдала спроба зовнішньо-внутрішнього повороту другого плода при поперечному положенні після народження першого плода тощо.
У статті проведено аналіз вітчизняних і зарубіжних видань, який свідчить про необхідність проведення поглиблених досліджень у цьому напрямку, а саме — з’ясування нових патогенетичних ланок при багатоплідді залежно від типу плацентації, пошук нових шляхів ведення та розроблення діагностичних критеріїв для розродження даного контингенту жінок.
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